[Oct-2023] 4A0-220 Exam Questions and Valid 4A0-220 Dumps PDF
4A0-220 Brain Dump: A Study Guide with Tips & Tricks for passing Exam
NEW QUESTION # 24
What does an SNC state of lower case "n" mean for a resource in NFM-T?
- A. Indicates it's using a link other than the Nominal
- B. Indicates it's currently using the Nominal resource assigned to it
- C. Indicates if s a higher alarm state level
- D. Indicates the nominal resource on a TE-link that is not in use
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The SNC state is a parameter that indicates the status of a resource in a GMPLS network. A resource can be a link, a wavelength, a timeslot, or a fiber. The SNC state can have different values, such as N, n, P, p, R, r, and so on. Each value has a specific meaning and implication for the resource and the LSP that uses it. The SNC state of lower case "n" means that the resource is the nominal resource on a TE-link that is notin use. A nominal resource is the default or preferred resource that is assigned to an LSP when it is created. A TE-link is a logical link that represents a set of resources that share the same attributes and constraints. A TE-link can have multiple resources, such as wavelengths or timeslots, but only one of them can be the nominal resource.
If an LSP is using a resource other than the nominal resource on a TE-link, it means that the LSP has been rerouted or switched due to a failure or a constraint violation. In this case, the SNC state of the nominal resource will be "n", indicating that it is not in use by any LSP12. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 25
Which of the following is not a key feature of GMPLS?
- A. Restoration
- B. Resource optimization
- C. Fast protection
- D. Self-discovery
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
GMPLS is a protocol suite that extends the MPLS signaling and routing capabilities to control different types of switching technologies, such as optical, TDM, and packet switching1. GMPLS has several key features, such as self-discovery, fast protection, and restoration. Self-discovery allows GMPLS nodes to automatically discover their neighbors and exchange information about their capabilities and resources2. Fast protection enables GMPLS nodes to quickly switch to backup paths in case of a failure, without relying on the control plane3. Restoration allows GMPLS nodes to dynamically establish new paths in the network after a failure, using the control plane3. Resource optimization is not a key feature of GMPLS, but rather a potential benefit of using GMPLS to efficiently utilize the network resources and avoid over-provisioning. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: GMPLS - Nokia
* 3: Traffic survivability through Protection and Restoration Combined (PRC) - YouTube
* [4]: GMPLS: Architecture and Applications - Google Books
NEW QUESTION # 26
What is the purpose of preemption when establishing an LSP?
- A. To pick the next hop during LSP signalling
- B. To measure the end-to-end latency
- C. To assign the correct wavelengths depending on the type of traffic
- D. To tear down an existing LSP in order to accommodate higher priority traffic
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Preemption is a mechanism that allows a higher priority LSP to tear down an existing lower priority LSP in order to obtain the required resources for its establishment. Preemption can occur when there is not enough bandwidth or other resources available on a link or node to accommodate a new LSP request. In this case, the node can select one or more lower priority LSPs that are using the resources and send them a PathErr message with a Preempt error code. This causes the lower priority LSPs to beterminated and release their resources. The node can then allocate the resources to the higher priority LSP and send a Resv message to confirm its reservation34. References:
* 3: RFC 4829: Label Switched Path (LSP) Preemption Policies for MPLS Traffic Engineering4
* 4: MPLS Applications User Guide | Juniper Networks5
NEW QUESTION # 27
Automation is one of the key features of GMPLS. What is its main benefit?
- A. Supporting multi-vendor networks
- B. Reducing CAPEX
- C. Reducing OPEX
- D. Providing resilience against multiple failures
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
Automation is one of the key features of GMPLS that allows dynamic provisioning of optical transport connections between IP routers and optical network elements2. Automation reduces the operational time and administrative overhead required to provision new connectivity, which in turn reduces the operational expenditure (OPEX) of the network. Reducing CAPEX, providing resilience against multiple failures, and supporting multi-vendor networks are not direct benefits of automation, but rather possible outcomes of using GMPLS in general. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: GMPLS - Nokia
* 3: Traffic survivability through Protection and Restoration Combined (PRC) - YouTube
* [4]: GMPLS: Architecture and Applications - Google Books
NEW QUESTION # 28
Which label is swapped in an MPLS label stack at an intermediate node?
- A. The label on the top
- B. The label with the highest value
- C. The label with the lowest value
- D. The label on the bottom
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
The label on the top of the MPLS label stack is swapped at an intermediate node. This is because the top label is the one that is visible to the node and determines the forwarding decision. The node looks up the top label in its label forwarding table and swaps it with a new label that corresponds to the next hop or destination. The node then forwards the packet to the next node, which repeats the same process. The bottom label is only used to indicate the end of the label stack and is not swapped. References : [Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia], [MPLS Label Stack - Nokia]
NEW QUESTION # 29
Which of the following is not a GMPLS protocol?
- A. OSPF-TE
- B. SFD
- C. LMP
- D. RSVP-TE
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
SFD is not a GMPLS protocol, but a term used in optical networks to refer to the Source Frequency Definition, which is a parameter that specifies the frequency of a wavelength channel4. GMPLS protocols are those that enable the control and management of different types of switching technologies, such as packet, wavelength, fiber, and time-slot switching5. Some examples of GMPLS protocols are OSPF-TE, RSVP-TE, and LMP. OSPF-TE is a routing protocol that advertises the topology and the link attributes of the network6.
RSVP-TE is a signaling protocol that establishes, modifies, and releases LSPs. LMP is a link management protocol that verifies the connectivity and monitors the status of the links. References:
* 4: Source Frequency Definition (SFD) - ITU
* 5: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching - Wikipedia
* 6: OSPF Extensions in Support of Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) - RFC 4203
* [7]: Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions - RFC 3473
* [8]: Link Management Protocol (LMP) - RFC 4204
NEW QUESTION # 30
What is the Commissioning File in GMRE nodes?
- A. A control checklist for the operator
- B. A file with target values that determine whether a given LSP is possible
- C. A file with commissioned GMRE nodes for NPA implementation
- D. A file of optical impairment parameters for power balance
Answer: B
Explanation:
Explanation
The Commissioning File in GMRE nodes is a file with target values that determine whether a given LSP is possible. The Commissioning File contains parameters such as power, OSNR, Q-factor, and dispersion that are used to evaluate the feasibility of an LSP request. The Commissioning File is generated by the Network Planning Application (NPA) based on the network design and optical impairments. The Commissioning File is uploaded to each GMRE node and is used by the CSPF algorithm to find a suitable path for the LSP. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, Network Planning Application (NPA) | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 31
How are L0 and L1 resources coordinated in case of a failure in an MRN?
- A. Coordination is achieved by setting the WSR parameter
- B. Coordination is achieved by comparing the Setup Priorities
- C. Coordination is achieved by segregation of color and colorless LSPs
- D. Coordination is achieved by setting the color constraints
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
Coordination of L0 and L1 resources in case of a failure in an MRN is achieved by setting the color constraints. Color constraints are used to specify which wavelengths or timeslots can be used by a given LSP request. By setting the color constraints, the NFM-T can ensure that the L0 and L1 resources are compatible and consistent across the network. For example, if an L0 LSP request requires a specific wavelength, the NFM-T can set the color constraint to match that wavelength and assign it to the L0 LSP. Similarly, if an L1 LSP request requires a specific timeslot, the NFM-T can set the color constraint to match that timeslot and assign it to the L1 LSP. This way, the coordination of L0 and L1 resources is achieved by ensuring that the same color is used by both layers. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 3.
GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 32
What does the SNC state with an uppercase "N" mean in a resource in NFM-T?
- A. Indicates the nominal resource on a TE-link that is not in use
- B. Indicates it's using a link other than the Nominal
- C. Indicates it's currently using the Nominal resource assigned to it
- D. Indicates if s a higher alarm state level
Answer: C
Explanation:
Explanation
The SNC state with an uppercase "N" means that the resource is currently using the nominal resource assigned to it. As explained in the previous question, a nominal resource is the default or preferred resource that is assigned to an LSP when it is created. If an LSP is using the nominal resource on a TE-link, it means that the LSP has not been rerouted or switched due to any failure or constraint violation. In this case, the SNC state of the resource will be "N", indicating that it is in use by an LSP12. References:
* 1: Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia
* 2: Nokia Network Functions Manager for Transport User Guide | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 33
How is the GMRE functionality guaranteed in Nokia equipment?
- A. The specific software configuration guarantees GMRE functionality
- B. Redundant LAN cables guarantee GMRE functionality
- C. Rack redundancy guarantees GMRE functionality in case of a power outage
- D. Controller redundancy guarantees GMRE functionality
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The GMRE functionality is guaranteed in Nokia equipment by controller redundancy. The controller is the hardware component that runs the GMPLS software and controls the switching fabric of the node. Each node has two controllers, one active and one standby, that synchronize their states and databases. If the active controller fails, the standby controller takes over and ensures the continuity of the GMRE functionality. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, 1830 Photonic Service Switch (PSS) | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 34
How do you configure the Trail template in NFM-T for an Uplink board (such as 2UC400) in a network with only LI restoration capability?
- A. Check the Logical Link box
Set the Port Type to Unterminated Uncheck the ASON Routed box Uncheck the ASON Tunnel box - B. Uncheck the Logical Link box Set the Port Type to Terminated Check the ASON Routed box Check the ASON Tunnel box
- C. Uncheck the Logical Link box NSet the Port Type to Terminated
Uncheck the ASON Routed box Uncheck the ASON Tunnel box - D. Check the Logical Link box
Set the Port Type to Unterminated Check the ASON Routed box Check the ASON Tunnel box
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
To configure the Trail template in NFM-T for an Uplink board (such as 2UC400) in a network with only LI restoration capability, you need to check the Logical Link box, set the Port Type to Unterminated, uncheck the ASON Routed box, and uncheck the ASON Tunnel box. This configuration allows you to create a logical link between two Uplink boards that can be used for LI restoration. The logical link is not terminated at the Uplink board, but at the OTU board. The ASON Routed option is not needed for LI restoration, as the LSPs are established by NFM-T and not by GMPLS. The ASON Tunnel option is not applicable for Uplink boards. References : Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia, Nokia 1830 PSS-4, PSS-8, PSS-16 and PSS-32 Platforms - NATO
NEW QUESTION # 35
Which of the following best describes the Soft Shutting Down state in the NFM-T?
- A. A transient state where current SNCs are soft-rerouted away from the TE-link
- B. An automatic shutdown of a TE-link and all of the LSPs in the TE-link
- C. A soft synchronization state where new traffic is not allowed
- D. An administrative maintenance state where services stay up but no new traffic can be routed over the TE-link
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
The Soft Shutting Down state in the NFM-T is an administrative maintenance state where services stay up but no new traffic can be routed over the TE-link. This state is used to prepare a TE-link for maintenance or decommissioning without affecting the existing services. The NFM-T sets the TE-link to Soft Shutting Down state by sending a Notify message with the Administrative State Change flag to the head-end node of the TE-link. The head-end node then stops accepting new LSP requests over the TE-link and sends a PathErr message with the Administrative State Change flag to all the tail-end nodes of the LSPs in the TE-link. The tail-end nodes then stop sending new traffic over the LSPs and send a ResvErr message with the Administrative State Change flag to all the intermediate nodes of the LSPs. The intermediate nodes then update their routing tables and stop forwarding new traffic over the LSPs. The existing traffic, however, continues to flow over the LSPs until they are manually deleted or rerouted by the NFM-T. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, Nokia Advanced Optical Network Management with NFM-T Course | Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 36
What is the purpose of the RSVP-TE Notify message?
- A. It is the node's alarm control channel
- B. It is a mechanism to inform the NM5 of L5P events
- C. It is confirmation of a node's resource reservation
- D. It is a mechanism to inform non-adjacent nodes of LSP events
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
RSVP-TE Notify message is a message type defined in the RSVP-TE protocol, which is an extension of the RSVP protocol for MPLS traffic engineering. RSVP-TE Notify message is used to inform non-adjacent nodes of LSP events, such as setup, modification, or teardown. This allows the nodes to update their local state information and perform actions based on the notification. For example, a Notify message can be used to trigger a fast reroute mechanism in case of a link or node failure12. References:
* 1: RFC 3473 - Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Resource Reservation Protocol-Traffic Engineering (RSVP-TE) Extensions
* 2: RFC 3471 - Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) Signaling Functional Description
NEW QUESTION # 37
When should two physical connections belong to the same SRG?
- A. When they are both selected during the setup process
- B. When they are fully disjoint respective to the risk of failure
- C. When one is the protection of the other
- D. When they share the same risk of failure
Answer: D
Explanation:
Explanation
A Shared Risk Link Group (SRLG) is a set of links sharing a common resource, which affects all links in the set if the common resource fails5. These links share the same risk of failure and are therefore considered to belong to the same SRLG. For example, links sharing a common fiber are said to be in the same SRLG because a fault with the fiber might cause all links in the group to fail. SRLGs are used in MPLS and GMPLS networks to provide traffic engineering and protection/restoration mechanisms. When computing the secondary path for an LSP, it is preferable to find a path such that the secondary and primary paths do not have any links in common in case the SRLGs for the primary and secondary paths are disjoint6. This ensures that a single point of failure on a particular link does not bring down both the primary and secondary paths in the LSP. References:
* 5: Shared risk resource group - Wikipedia
* 6: Shared Risk Link Groups for MPLS | Junos OS | Juniper Networks
NEW QUESTION # 38
Which of the following statements best describes a distributed control plane for GMPLS?
- A. Each router has software to run the GMPLS protocols and can modify the node's switching fabric.
- B. The network is managed by more than one network management system.
- C. The network manager controls all the routing for the network.
- D. The control plane is active in some network nodes and not in others.
Answer: A
Explanation:
Explanation
A distributed control plane for GMPLS means that each router has software to run the GMPLS protocols and can modify the node's switching fabric. This allows the routers to communicate with each other and establish Label Switched Paths (LSPs) across the network without relying on a centralized controller or network manager. A distributed control plane can improve the scalability, reliability, and efficiency of the network. References : Nokia GMPLS-controlled Optical Networks Course | Nokia, GMPLS - Nokia
NEW QUESTION # 39
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Nokia 4A0-220 certification exam is designed for professionals looking to validate their expertise in Nokia GMPLS-controlled optical networks. 4A0-220 exam is essential for network engineers, designers, and architects who specialize in optical networks.
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